BPC-157 is a synthetic 15-amino-acid gastric pentadecapeptide with a molecular weight of 1,419.53 Da, derived from a protective protein in human gastric juice. Over 100 published preclinical studies have investigated its effects on tissue repair, angiogenesis, and gastrointestinal protection through VEGFR2 and nitric oxide signaling pathways.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic 29-amino-acid GHRH analog available in two forms: with and without Drug Affinity Complex (DAC), yielding half-lives of 6-8 days and 30 minutes to 2 hours, respectively. Clinical research has demonstrated dose-dependent increases in growth hormone (2-10x) and IGF-1 (1.5-3x) in healthy adults.
GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring tripeptide-copper complex that modulates expression of over 4,000 human genes. Research using the Broad Institute Connectivity Map has documented effects on DNA repair, collagen synthesis, and anti-inflammatory pathways, with established use in topical wound healing and dermatology.
Ipamorelin is a selective pentapeptide growth hormone secretagogue that activates GHS-R1a receptors to stimulate pulsatile GH release without affecting cortisol, prolactin, or ACTH levels. Research has explored its applications in postoperative recovery, body composition, and age-related GH decline.
KPV is a tripeptide derived from the C-terminal fragment of alpha-MSH that retains full anti-inflammatory potency via NF-kB inhibition and melanocortin receptor signaling. Preclinical research has focused on inflammatory bowel disease, where PepT1-mediated intestinal uptake provides a natural targeting mechanism.
MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide that activates AMPK signaling to mimic the metabolic effects of exercise. Discovered in 2015, research has demonstrated its role in reducing insulin resistance, preventing diet-induced obesity, and improving age-dependent physical decline in preclinical models.
PT-141 (bremelanotide), marketed as Vyleesi, is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin receptor agonist with a molecular weight of 1,025.19 Da. It is the first FDA-approved non-hormonal treatment for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), acting through central MC4R activation and downstream dopaminergic signaling in the hypothalamus.
Semaglutide is an FDA-approved GLP-1 receptor agonist with a once-weekly dosing profile. Clinical trials including SUSTAIN-6 and SELECT have demonstrated significant cardiovascular risk reduction, while the STEP program established substantial weight loss efficacy in obesity.
Semax is a synthetic ACTH(4-10) analog heptapeptide that modulates BDNF expression and provides neuroprotective effects. Approved in Russia for ischemic stroke, it has been researched for cognitive enhancement, neurotrophic factor regulation, and optic nerve disease.
Thymosin Beta-4 is a 43-amino acid peptide that regulates actin dynamics and cell migration. Research has investigated its role in cardiac regeneration, wound healing, hair follicle stem cell activation, and neuroprotection following injury.